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First letter of the Latin alphabet

A
A a ɑ
(See below)

Usage
Writing organization	Latin script
Type	Alphabet
Language of origin	Latin linguistic communication
Phonetic usage	[a] [ɑ] [ɒ] [æ] [ə] [ɛ] [oː] [ɔ] [east] [ʕ] []
Unicode codepoint	`U+0041, U+0061`
Alphabetical position	1 Numerical value: one
History
Development	Α α 𐌀 A a ɑ
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Æ Ä Â Ɑ Ʌ Ɐ ª Å ₳ @ Ⓐ ⓐ ⒜ 🅰
Sisters	𐌰 А Я Ә Ӑ א ا ܐ ࠀ 𐎀 ℵ አ ء Ա ա અ अ অ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters usually used with	a(x), ae, eau
Associated numbers	one
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, come across Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

A, or a, is the offset letter and the showtime vowel of the modern English language alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.^[one] ^[2] Its proper noun in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.^{[nb 1]} It is like in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives.^[3] The uppercase version consists of the 2 slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the center by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version tin can exist written in 2 forms: the double-storey a and unmarried-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic blazon.

In the English grammer, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.

History

Egyptian	Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp	Proto-Canaanite	Phoenician aleph	Greek Alpha	Etruscan A	Latin/ Cyrillic A	Greek Uncial	Latin 300 AD Uncial

The earliest sure ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first alphabetic character of the Phoenician alphabet,^[iv] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is likewise called an abjad to distinguish it from a truthful alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may accept been a pictogram of an ox caput in proto-Sinaitic script^[5] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with ii horns extended.

When the aboriginal Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the beginning phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—and then they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called information technology by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions subsequently the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the alphabetic character rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of after times it generally resembles the modern majuscule letter of the alphabet, although many local varieties tin be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is gear up.

The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the alphabetic character unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.

Typographic variants

Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A.

During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the alphabetic character "A". Get-go was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are not equally many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, only at that place are however many surviving examples of unlike types of cursive, such equally majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants likewise existed that were intermediate between the awe-inspiring and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.^[six]

At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century Advertising), several variants of the cursive minuscule adult through Western Europe. Amid these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Kingdom of spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish gaelic semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day course, was the chief form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.^[6]

Route sign in Republic of ireland, showing the Irish gaelic "Latin alpha" course of "a" in lower and upper case forms.

15th-century Italy saw the formation of the ii chief variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, as well called script a, is used in about electric current handwriting; it consists of a circumvolve and vertical stroke on the correct ("ɑ"). This slowly adult from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English language writers.^[4] The Roman class is used in most printed material; it consists of a minor loop with an arc over it ("a").^[half-dozen] Both derive from the majuscule (upper-case letter) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated past the uncial version shown. Many fonts so made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the correct leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.

Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more more often than not to distinguish i role of a text from the residual (set in Roman blazon). There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), also called Latin blastoff, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).

Utilize in writing systems

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically betwixt [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.

English

In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven different vowel sounds:

the about-open front unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
the open back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in male parent, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek audio;^[5]
the diphthong /eɪ/ as in ace and major (usually when ⟨a⟩ is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;
the modified grade of the above audio that occurs earlier ⟨r⟩, as in square and Mary;
the rounded vowel of h2o;
the shorter rounded vowel (not present in General American) in was and what;^[4]
a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, every bit in nigh, comma, solar.

The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does not occur in native English words, only is plant in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.^[7] However, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own audio or sounds, particularly ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.

⟨a⟩ is the third-most-usually used alphabetic character in English language (after ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second about mutual in Spanish, and the nearly mutual in Portuguese. Virtually viii.167% of letters used in English texts tend to be ⟨a⟩;^[8] the number is around vii.636% in French,^[9] 11.525% in Spanish,^[10] and 14.634% for Portuguese.^[11]

Other languages

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open up unrounded vowel, such equally /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a shut-mid front unrounded vowel /due east/.

Other systems

In phonetic and phonemic notation:

in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open up fundamental unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open up back unrounded vowel.
in X-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open up front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.

Other uses

In algebra, the alphabetic character a along with various other messages of the alphabet is often used to announce a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns past a, b, and c",^[12] and this convention is nonetheless frequently followed, especially in elementary algebra.

In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.^[six] A capital A is likewise typically used as i of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side contrary angle A.^[five]

"A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or condition: A−, A or A+, the best class that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.^[xiii]

"A" is used as a prefix on some words, such every bit asymmetry, to mean "not" or "without" (from Greek).

In English grammer, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite commodity, used to introduce noun phrases.

Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, equally in a narrow size shoe,^[5] or a small cup size in a brassiere.^[fourteen]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ^[15]
Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, merely capital letter forms are used in another writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open up back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin pocket-size alphabetic character alpha with retroflex claw^[15]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open up central vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned V (likewise chosen a wedge, a caret, or a chapeau), which represents an open up-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter small turned blastoff^[15]
- ᴀ : Small-scale upper-case letter A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to correspond various sounds (mainly open up vowels)
- ^{A a} ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)^[sixteen] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- _a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies^[17]
- ꬱ : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription organisation^[18]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic^[nineteen]

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

ª : an ordinal indicator
Å : Ångström sign
∀ : a turned majuscule A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
@ : At sign
₳ : Argentine austral

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤀 : Semitic alphabetic character Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive^[20]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the post-obit letters derive^[21]
  - А а : Cyrillic letter A^[22]
  - Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic letter Alpha^[23]
  - 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of mod Latin A^[24] ^[25]
    - ᚨ : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from erstwhile Italic A^[26]
  - 𐌰 : Gothic letter aza/asks^[27]
Ա ա : Armenian letter Ayb

Code points

These are the lawmaking points for the forms of the alphabetic character in diverse systems

Character information
Preview	A		a
Unicode proper noun	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A		LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER A
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	65	U+0041	97	U+0061
UTF-8	65	41	97	61
Numeric grapheme reference	A	A	a	a
EBCDIC family	193	C1	129	81
ASCII ⁱ	65	41	97	61

^one Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base xvi) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number 10 in decimal (base of operations x) counting.

Notes

^ Aes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the alphabetic character itself is rendered Asouthward, A's, as, or a'south.^[ii]

Footnotes

^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Clarification, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on ix March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. 1
^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
^ ^a ^b ^c Hoiberg 2010, p. 1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hall-Quest 1997, p. 1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Diringer 2000, p. 1
^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
^ "Letter frequency (English)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved xv June 2007.
^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on iii August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Short Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Volume: The Style Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
^ ^a ^b ^c Constable, Peter (xix Apr 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Boosted Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen Feb 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/eleven-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
^ Suignard, Michel (nine May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org
^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: Thousand.P. Putman's Sons.
^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
^ Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry G. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ Frothingham, A. 50., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology. vii (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
^ Steele, Philippa M., ed. (2017). Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on six May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Linguistic communication and Culture: An Introduction (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on fourteen Baronial 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

References

"English Letter Frequency". Math Explorer'due south Club. Cornell Academy. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 Apr 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
"Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon 1000. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter of the alphabet Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Periodical of Educational Psychology. 80 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (First ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-four.
Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. M. (1998). "A". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Bookish American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (Starting time ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-7.
Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'south Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (Get-go ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-one-59339-837-viii.
McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (3): 54–68. doi:10.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.S.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English language Dictionary. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-19-861213-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to A.

Expect up A or a in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

History of the Alphabet
Texts on Wikisource:
- "A" in A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A